Chapter 8. Formulary (144 pages)
- 1.Units of measurement
- 1.1.Unit systems
- 1.1.1.International system of units (SI)
- 1.1.2.Main principles
- 1.1.3.Basic units. Derived units for normal magnitudes
- 1.1.4.Units that are not recommended or that should be avoided: CGS and other systems
- 1.2.International system of units and old Imperial units
- 1.2.1.Length
- 1.2.2.Area
- 1.2.3.Volume and capacity
- 1.2.4.Linear velocity
- 1.2.5.Filtration rate
- 1.2.6.Mass
- 1.2.7.Force
- 1.2.8.Pressure - Constraint
- 1.2.9.Viscosity
- 1.2.10.Density and concentration
- 1.2.11.Energy - work - heat
- 1.2.12.Calorific value
- 1.2.13.Power
- 1.2.14.Equivalents of various units
- 1.3.Various other units
- 1.3.1.Radioactivity units
- 1.3.2.Unit of colour
- 1.3.3.Turbidity unit
- 2.Mathematics
- 2.1.Algebra - Arithmetic
- 2.2.Trigonometry formulae (Angle in radian)
- 2.3.Geometry formulae
- 2.3.1.Plane areas
- 2.3.2.Areas and volumes of solid objects
- 2.4.Statistics
- 2.4.1.Definitions
- 2.4.2.Property of the standard deviation
- 2.4.3.Graphic method of curve fitting
- 3.Chemistry and reagents
- 3.1.Composition of the material
- 3.1.1.Ions - Isotopes
- 3.1.2.Atomic mass of elements - Mole - Gramme-molecular weight
- 3.1.3.Element classification - Formulae of compounds
- 3.1.4.Rules applicable to the compounds naming and to the formulae writing
- 3.1.5.Concentration evaluations
- 3.2.Characteristic solution constants
- 3.2.1.Specific gravities
- 3.2.2.Conductivity - Resistivity
- 3.2.3.Liquids viscosity
- 3.2.4.Common solutions
- 3.2.5.Table of pK values
- 3.2.6.Relation between pH, M-alk., and free CO2 (figure 29)
- 3.2.7.COD - BOD5 - ThOD equivalences of some organic compounds in g per g of compound (ThOD = total theoretical oxygen demand) (table 34)
- 3.3.Characteristic constants of gases
- 3.3.1.Gas density (table 35)
- 3.3.2.Solubility of the main gases in water (table 36, figures 30, 31, and 32)
- 3.3.3.Kinematic viscosity of common gases
- 3.3.4.Absolute humidity of atmospheric air at saturation versus the dew point (figure 33)
- 3.3.5.Chlorine
- 3.3.6.Ammonia
- 3.3.7.Ozone
- 3.4.Precipitation limits of metals in their hydroxide form (figure 38)
- 3.5.Main reagents used in water treatment
- 3.5.1.Clarification
- 3.5.2.Acids
- 3.5.3.Bases
- 3.5.4.Disinfection - Oxidising agents
- 3.5.5.Carbonate removal reagents - silicon removal
- 3.5.6.Boiler water treatment
- 3.5.7.Polyelectrolytes
- 3.5.8.Oxidising agents
- 3.5.9.Reducing agents
- 3.5.10.Miscellaneous
- 3.5.11.Gases
- 4.Hydraulics
- 4.1.Water head losses through friction in the pipelines
- 4.1.1.Empirical formulae
- 4.1.2.Colebrook's formula derived from Nikuradze's experiments
- 4.1.3.Pipelines of various shape
- 4.1.4.Partially full circular pipelines
- 4.2.Minor losses in the pipelines, fittings, valves... for water
- 4.2.1.Sudden constriction
- 4.2.2.Sudden enlargement
- 4.2.3.Converging duct
- 4.2.4.Diverging duct
- 4.2.5.Bends
- 4.2.6.T components
- 4.2.7.Valves and taps
- 4.2.8.Open valves and fittings
- 4.3.Camculation of systems reducing pressure
- 4.3.1.Approximate calculation method
- 4.3.2.Precise calculations of a measurement system reducing pressure
- 4.4.Discharge of opening and short tubes
- 4.5.Water flow through channels
- 4.5.1.Empirical formulae used to calculate pressure drops caused by friction
- 4.5.2.Using the universal calculation chart
- 4.5.3.Calculating minor losses
- 4.5.4.Pressure drop through a bar screen
- 4.5.5.Entrainment velocity of a few substances
- 4.6.Weirs
- 4.6.1.Thin-walled rectangular weir with a low approach velocity
- 4.6.2.Thin-walled rectangular weir on a channel
- 4.6.3.Thin-walled triangular weir
- 4.7.Head losses with undetermined fluid
- 4.8.Miscellaneous information
- 5.Electricity
- 5.1.Units, symbols
- 5.2.Customary definitions and formulae
- 5.2.1.Direct current
- 5.2.2.Alternating current
- 5.3.Industrial applications
- 5.3.1.General installations
- 5.3.2.Asynchronous motors
- 5.3.3.Subscription - Electricity supply contract
- 5.4.Graphic symbols used in wiring diagrams (according to CEN standards)
- 5.4.1.Contacts and switches
- 5.4.2.Selector switches
- 5.4.3.Control units
- 5.4.4.Transformers
- 5.4.5.Motors
- 5.4.6.Indicators and appliances
- 5.4.7.Electrical standardisation
- 5.5.Various numerical values
- 5.6.Personal safety
- 6.Instrumentation
- 6.1.Coding principle
- 6.2.Letter combinations
- 7.Heat
- 7.1.Physic concepts of gases and thermodynamics
- 7.1.1.Ideal gases
- 7.1.2.Water vapor
- 7.1.3.Wet gases
- 7.2.Notions of heat
- 7.2.1.Calorific value
- 7.2.2.Combustion
- 7.3.Notions of heat exchange
- 7.3.1.Definitions
- 7.3.2.Heat exchangers
- 7.4.Coolers
- 7.4.1.«Wet» or atmospheric coolers
- 7.4.2.Dry coolers
- 7.4.3.Dry, humid or hybrid coolers: «plume-free towers»
- 7.4.4.Cooling dirty water
- 7.5.Expansion of materials
Introduction
Originally, the purpose of the Water Treatment Handbook consisted in providing water treatment specialists with the most customary basic data and information.
With time, the knowledge used in water treatment engineering has considerably expanded and diversified; however, it is still worthwhile collating the information and the simplest numerical or graphic data needed to quickly identify a project or for use during commissioning. The purpose of this formulary is to meet this requirement. However, it will always be difficult to clearly define contents when the volume of these contents has to remain limited.
For some, this formulary will clearly be seen as incomplete; others will feel that it contains too much elementary data that we all know about. The formulary has been designed to be of use to as many users of the Handbook as possible. It is just a tool box. It is up to each individual to find the tools he needs.
However, those who are familiar with the Handbook will notice that it does not include the earlier section on standards and legislation because there are too many of these, because they change too frequently and because they can be obtained from the relevant authorities such as the Ministries for Health, or for the Environment... almost all of which have websites that are kept updated.