Chapter 2. - What water should we treat? And why? (150 pages)

1.Natural water
1.1.Groundwater
1.1.1.Origins
1.1.2.General features
1.1.3.Potability
1.1.4.Mineral water, spring water and table water
1.2.Surface water
1.2.1.Origin
1.2.2.General features
1.2.3.Surface water potability
1.3.Seawater and brackish water
1.4.Carbon cycle
1.5.Nitrogen cycle
1.6.Phosphorus cycle
1.7.Sulphur cycle
1.8.Iron and manganese cycle
1.8.1.Reduction and solubilisation reactions
1.8.2.Oxidation reactions
1.9.Pollution and eutrophisation
1.9.1.General
1.9.2.Lake eutrophisation
1.9.3.Waterways
1.9.4.Water table pollution
1.10.Radioactivity
1.10.1.Natural radioactivity
1.10.2.Artificial radioactivity
2.Drinking water (DW)
2.1.Quantities required
2.2.Quality standards
2.3.Selecting resources
2.4.Biological impurities
2.4.1.Bacteria and viruses
2.4.2.Miscellaneous micro-organisms (phytoplankton and zooplankton)
2.5.Mineral impurities
2.5.1.Impurities that do not have a noticeable effect on health
2.5.2.Impurities that affect health
2.5.3.Means used to study impacts on health
2.6.Organic impurities
2.6.1.Global parameters
2.6.2.Natural organic matter
2.6.3.Artificial organic micropollutants
2.7.Radioactivity
2.8.Pollution generated by water treatment
2.8.1.Impurities contained in the reagent
2.8.2.Oxidation by-products
2.9.Exogenic pollution
3.Industrial water
3.1.Water uses and target qualities
3.1.1.Elementary water utilisation
3.1.2.Recycling without water deterioration
3.1.3.Recycling with water deterioration
3.1.4.Water re-use or cascade utilisation
3.1.5.Selecting water sources
3.2.Boiler water
3.2.1.Water cycle in a boiler plant
3.2.2.Drawbacks created by salts and impurities in water
3.2.3.Requirements applicable to the quality of feedwater for a conventional steam generator
3.2.4.LP (< 20 bar) and MP (< 80 bar) boiler water control
3.2.5.Special cases
3.2.6.Nuclear powerstations with pressurised water reactor (PWR)
3.3.Cooling circuits
3.3.1.Circuit components
3.3.2.Open recirculating circuits
3.3.3.Quantities of water used
3.3.4.Difficulties inherent to cooling circuits

3.4.Process water
3.4.1.Brewery and carbonated beverage water
3.4.2.Dairy industries
3.4.3.Sugar mills and refineries
3.4.4.Fruit and vegetable canneries
3.4.5.Textile industries
3.4.6.Paper pulp and paper mills
3.4.7.Oil industry
3.4.8.Steel mills
3.4.9.Copper metalworking
3.4.10.Hydrometallurgy
3.4.11.The automotive and aircraft industries
3.4.12.Electronic industries
3.4.13.Pharmaceutical and biotechnical industries
4.Urban effluent
4.1.Source and collection mode
4.2.Quantities to be processed
4.2.1.Wastewater
4.2.2.Storm water
4.3.Estimated water pollution during dry weather
4.3.1.Suspended solids
4.3.2.Carbonaceous organic pollution
4.3.3.Other components
4.3.4.Pathogenic agents
4.4.Estimated water pollution during rainfall
4.5.Oxidation-reduction-Septicity potential
4.6.Night soil
4.7.Treatment purpose quality objectives
4.8.Wastewater re-use
4.8.1.Agricultural usage
4.8.2.Industrial usage
4.8.3.Household and community utilisations
5.Industrial effluent
5.1.Nature of the effluents
5.1.1.Origin of the effluents
5.1.2.General effluent characteristics
5.1.3.Nature of the pollution
5.2.Discharge standards
5.3.Impact of water recycling and clean techniques
5.3.1.Recycling
5.3.2.Clean techniques
5.4.Agri-food industries
5.4.1.Pig farms
5.4.2.Abattoirs and the meat industries
5.4.3.Dairy industries
5.4.4.Breweries
5.4.5.Potato industry - Potato starch plants
5.4.6.Starch industries
5.4.7.Effluents from other agri-food industries (table 48)
5.5.Textile industries
5.5.1.Wool washing and combing
5.5.2.Pre-treatment carried out before dry-filling (table 50)
5.5.3.Textile dry-filling
5.5.4.Industrial laundries
5.6.Paper mills and the paper pulp industries
5.6.1.Paper pulp producers
5.6.2.Paper and card paper makers
5.7.Oil industry
5.7.1.Oil production
5.7.2.Transporting crude and refined products
5.7.3.Refineries
5.7.4.Petrochemicals
5.8.Steelmaking
5.8.1.Coking
5.8.2.Pickling
5.8.3.Gas scrubbing
5.8.4.Rolling mills
5.9.The automotive and aircraft industries
5.10.Surface treatment industries
5.10.1.Discharge standards
5.10.2.Prevention
5.10.3.Recovery
5.11.Water-based cutting fluids
5.12.Energy
5.13.Metallurgy and hydrometallurgy
5.14.General Chemical
5.15.«Fine» chemicals - pharmaceuticals - cosmetics
5.16.Other industries
6.Sludge
6.1.Sludge characterisation/classification
6.2.Sludge properties
6.2.1.Factors that establish the nature of the sludge
6.2.2.Factors that establish sludge structure
6.2.3.Factors used to identify the behaviour of sludge undergoing dewatering
6.3.Sludge end uses
6.3.1.Sludge end uses
6.3.2.Treatment restrictions associated with end usage
6.3.3.Regulations on end uses